Schmid believed that institutional analysis must include knowledge, psychology and power. He took some of these original ideas from Vilifredo Paerto's writing. Schmid states that neoclassical economics has been very narrowly focused on knowledge via knowing cost and productions functions and psychology via use of the consumer utility function. He states that power is rarely if ever addressed in neoclassical economics and the only real issue of concern is monopoly power and concentration of the ownership of resources. Schmid believes that human interdedpendence is much richer and more interconnected that simply monopoly power. his analysis will focus on the issue of power because it has been neglected in traditional analysis. Schmid also wants to expand our understanding of how knowledge and psychology are used in analysis. He writes that "rights and rules govern access to and use of power" (pg. 6)
Commons most cited article is "Institutional Economics" from the American Economic Review of December 1931. He defines an institution as "collective action in control, liberation and expansion of individual action". Many of us imagine that collective action of any group against an individual is inherently negative or restrictive. In Commons view however, collective action can both restrict or liberate individuals. In fact, in any transaction or relationship between two individuals, the rules of the collective may liberate one party and restrict the other. This is a critical point to understand. Traditional economics views the individual as being set against nature or the market and not any other individual. Any rules are by definition restrictive in this view of the world. In the Commons view of the world, the rules that help restrict one party may provide a liberation or expansion of activity for another party. This begins to help u...
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