Skip to main content

Futurity pg. 429-438 (9) discount and price

 In this section, Commons starts by again trying to clarify the mistakes made by Macleod.  The banker in making a profit moves in one transaction to lend and create money for debtor and then receive a profit at the end of that period as enforcement of the duty to pay the debt is enforced.  The merchant makes money via two transactions whereby there is a buying price for the inputs and a selling price for the outputs.  Unlike the banker, these are two separate negotiated transactions.

Commons turns to the importance of a lapse of time versus a flow of time which he will continually emphasize throughout this chapter. A lapse of time relates to a debt and debt payment.  There is a specified time where an amount must be repaid to a lender at a specified rate of interest.  A flow of time is the recognition of profit as a merchant tries to gain forma  number of buying and selling transactions over time.

The final section talks about the impact of the bank discount rate on foreign exchange flows between countries.  The discount rate being or lower between places will cause a flow of gold and cash to occur to the place with a higher discount rate and therefore a better payoff for investors.  Commons credits Macleod with understanding this dynamic before many others.

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Commons Futurity pg.526-528

Commons Futurity VII. The Margin for Profit pg 526-528  In this section, Commons turns to thinking about a specific aspect of modern banker capitalism addressing the question of profit's role in the economy. He starts with some terminology regarding profit share - the share of national income that goes to profit earners and the profit margin - the dynamic aspect that drives a going concern forward. We then move into another set of terms that are rate of profit and profit yield.  The rate of profit is related to the par value of stock and yield is related to market value of stock or outstanding equity. The social question to Commons is what the role of profit in keeping the overall economy and does society or community pay too much or too little for this service. Economists have long thought about the role of profits in driving the economy up or down.  Commons believes there are profit share theories and profit margin theories as two diction categories in economic thinking...

Commons Futurity pg. 510-526 VI. The Transactional System of Money and Value

VI. The Transactional System of Money and Value  The overall objective of this section is to understand money and its role and relationship to economic value in the institutional economics of John R. Commons. Commons writes that, "It is because Value is a two-dimensional concept (omitting futurity)—with two different causations, the one being the scarcity-value, or price, determined by supply and demand, the other being the greater or smaller output of use-value which will be created in the labor process that follows the transaction. " (Commons, pg. 517, 1934). The point here is again Commons is fighting against what he observes are the limits of other definitions of economic value such as simply individual utility or the classical case of exchange value only.   In this section, Commons make an important move on pages 520 and 521. He states that for a thing to be objective it needs to be independent of any objective will as opposed to other competing definitions. He will ...

Commons commenting on Marx and Proudhoun

Commons provides a short discussion to contrast Karl Marx (communism) and Pierre Joseph Proudhon (anarchism) in Institutional Economics.  His point in writing about these two authors is to continue to flesh out the idea of theory of efficiency versus an economic theory of value. This is section eight in the chapter of efficiency and scarcity pages 366 to 378.  Commons wants us to understand that Ricardo and later Marx led us to a theory of efficiency and not a theory of value.  This is not in itself a negative as a theory of efficiency is important to Commons. However, Commons wants us to understand that a theory of efficiency as espoused by Ricardo and Marx is only half the story of a theory of value.  Marx is the real part of the story in this section with some attention paid to Proudhon. As usual, Commons points out both the advanced and faults in the various thinkers he is addressing. Marx, Commons writes, did improve on Ricardo and others by replacing a subjec...